Table of Contents
Another type of a request letter is written to order merchandise or services. And because of the rummaging in the boxes, quite a few other garments. Letterbox - The Host, Png Download free download transparent PNG Image. Find more high quality PNG images on PngJoy.
- Types of Letter of Credit
Types of Letter of Credit
A Letter of credit is issued on different terms and hence a letter of credit is also of different types as explained below.
1. Documentary letter of credit
A documentary letter of credit specifies the various documents which are required to be produced by the exporter to the importer. Normally, the documents specified in the documentary letter of credit are commercial invoice, bill of lading, insurance policy, consular invoice, certificate of origin, certificate of quality analysis, packing list, document of title to goods, bill of exchange, etc.
The payment is made by the negotiating bank to exporter against this letter of credit when a full set of documents specified in the letter of credit is handed over by the exporter.
2. Revocable and irrevocable letter of credit
The revocable letter of credit can be withdrawn by the opener (importer) or opening bank (importer’s bank) at any time. Withdrawal can be effected without notice to the exporter. Revocable letter of credit, therefore, does not sufficiently protect the interest of the exporter in getting his payment.
The irrevocable letter of credit is just the opposite of revocable letter of credit. The irrevocable letter of credit cannot be withdrawn without prior permission and intimation of the exporter. Through irrevocable letter of credit, the opening bank gives definite guarantee to exporter ensuring payment of exports. However, conditions specified in the letter of credit should be satisfied by the exporter. Generally, exporter prefers irrevocable letter of credit as it protects the exporter.
3. Clean letter of credit
A clean letter of credit does not lay down any condition as regards making the payment. Further, it does not contain any condition for acceptance of bill of exchange drawn by exporter upon the importer. Ii is clean in the sense that there is no condition for payment to be made.
4. Assignable and non-assignable letter of credit
An assignable letter of credit is transferable while a non-assignable letter of credit is not transferable. Assignable letter of credit means a letter of credit which can be easily transferred by the exporter with its rights in favor of any person. Therefore, exporter can assign this letter of credit to any person.
A non-assignable letter of credit cannot be transferred in favor of any person. Only the beneficiary who is named in the letter alone can get the payment.
5. Revolving letter of credit
Revolving letter of credit is used when the export transaction between the same parties is regular and continuous. Credit can be availed against one and the same letter of credit for all subsequent export transactions. There is no need to open a separate letter of credit for every export transaction again and again.
6. Confirmed letter of credit
The opening bank appoints a banker in the exporter’s country which is known to the exporter. Through such bank, the confirmation of credit is made by the opening bank. Exporter can draw the bill of exchange on such confirming bank. So, any letter of credit which confirms credit is known as confirmed letter of credit.
7. Back to back letter of credit
Merchant exporter purchases goods from the manufacturer for the purpose of export. Such exporter requests opening bank to open the letter of credit in favor of such manufacturer or supplier. The manufacturer or supplier gets the money directly from the importer. This letter of credit helps the exporter to get goods for export on credit basis.
8. With or Without recourse letter of credit
In with recourse letter of credit, the paying bank can hold the exporter responsible for recovery of payment if the importer fails to reimburse it to the paying bank. Exporter, then will have to refund all the money he has received along with interest to paying bank in such an eventuality.
In case of without recourse letter of credit, the exporter cannot be held responsible if the importer does not reimburse the paying bank. In such an eventuality, the paying bank has the recourse to the importer only.
9. Red clause and green clause letter of credit
Under the red clause letter of credit, the exporter can get advance money from the negotiating bank. This gives an authority to the negotiating bank to extend credit and lend advance money to exporter. A red clause letter of credit is printed in red.
Green clause letter of credit provides an arrangement for the storage of goods at the port. Pre-shipment finance and storage facility are available to the exporter.
10. Restricted letter of credit
The importer may insist that shipping documents be negotiated (transferred) through a specified bank only. Any letter of credit with such a restriction is known as restricted letter of credit.
11. Traveling letter of credit
A traveling letter of credit enables the exporter to travel abroad and draw the money specified from the bank. All banks honor all the cheques or bill drawn upon.
Types Of Letter Boxes For Sale
12. Omnibus letter of credit
Reputed exporters can get omnibus letter of credit. This letter of credit allows the exporter to draw the money from bank in lump sum against the security of general lien on goods.
Cardboard boxes are industrially prefabricated boxes, primarily used for packaging goods and materials and can also be recycled. Specialists in industry seldom use the term cardboard because it does not denote a specific material. [1][2]
The term cardboard may refer to a variety of heavy paper-like materials,including, card stock, corrugated fiberboard,[3] or paperboard.[4] The meaning of the term may depend on the locale, contents, construction, and personal choice.
Types Of Letter Boxes Designs
Terminology[edit]
Several types of containers are sometimes called cardboard box:
A box or carton of cereal
Hard cigarette pack or paperboardbox
Corrugated box used for storage of archives
Milk in gable-top carton
Set-up box made of non-bending paperboard
In business and industry, material producers, container manufacturers,[5]packaging engineers,[6]and standards organizations,[7]try to use more specific terminology. There is still not complete and uniform usage. Often the term 'cardboard' is avoided because it does not define any particular material.
Types Of Letter Boxes Designs
Broad divisions of paper-based packaging materials are:
- Paper is thin material mainly used for writing upon, printing upon, or for packaging. It is produced by pressing together moist fibers, typically cellulose pulp derived from wood, rags, or grasses, and drying them into flexible sheets.
- Paperboard, sometimes known as cardboard, is generally thicker (usually over 0.25 mm or 10 points) than paper. According to ISO standards, paperboard is a paper with a basis weight (grammage) above 224 g/m2, but there are exceptions. Paperboard can be single- or multi-ply.
- Corrugated fiberboard sometimes known as corrugated board or corrugated cardboard, is a combined paper-based material consisting of a fluted corrugated medium and one or two flat liner boards.
There are also multiple names for containers:
- A shipping container made of corrugated fiberboard is sometimes called a 'cardboard box', a 'carton', or a 'case'. There are many options for corrugated box design.
- A folding carton made of paperboard is sometimes called a 'cardboard box'.
- A set-up box is made of a non-bending grade of paperboard and is sometimes called a 'cardboard box'.
- Drink boxes made of paperboard laminates, are sometimes called 'cardboard boxes', 'cartons', or 'boxes'.
History[edit]
The first commercial paperboard (not corrugated) box is sometimes credited to the firm M. Treverton & Son[8] in England in 1817.[9][10][11] Cardboard box packaging was made the same year in Germany.[12]
The Scottish-born Robert Gair invented the pre-cut cardboard or paperboard box in 1890 – flat pieces manufactured in bulk that folded into boxes. Gair's invention came about as a result of an accident: he was a Brooklyn printer and paper-bag maker during the 1870s, and one day, while he was printing an order of seed bags, a metal ruler normally used to crease bags shifted in position and cut them. Gair discovered that by cutting and creasing in one operation he could make prefabricated paperboard boxes. Applying this idea to corrugated boxboard was a straightforward development when the material became available around the turn of the twentieth century.[13]
Cardboard boxes were developed in France about 1840 for transporting the Bombyx mori moth and its eggs by silk manufacturers, and for more than a century the manufacture of cardboard boxes was a major industry in the Valréas area.[14][15]
The advent of lightweight flaked cereals increased the use of cardboard boxes. The first to use cardboard boxes as cereal cartons was the Kellogg Company.
Corrugated (also called pleated) paper was patented in England in 1856, and used as a liner for tall hats, but corrugated boxboard was not patented and used as a shipping material until 20 December 1871. The patent was issued to Albert Jones of New York City for single-sided (single-face) corrugated board.[16] Jones used the corrugated board for wrapping bottles and glass lantern chimneys. The first machine for producing large quantities of corrugated board was built in 1874 by G. Smyth, and in the same year Oliver Long improved upon Jones's design by inventing corrugated board with liner sheets on both sides.[17] This was corrugated cardboard as we know it today.
The first corrugated cardboard box manufactured in the US was in 1895.[18]By the early 1900s, wooden crates and boxes were being replaced by corrugated paper shipping cartons.
By 1908, the terms 'corrugated paper-board' and 'corrugated cardboard' were both in use in the paper trade.[19]
Crafts and entertainment[edit]
Cardboard and other paper-based materials (paperboard, corrugated fiberboard, etc.) can have a post-primary life as a cheap material for the construction of a range of projects, among them being science experiments, children's toys, costumes, or insulative lining. Some children enjoy playing inside boxes.
A common cliché is that, if presented with a large and expensive new toy, a child will quickly become bored with the toy and play with the box instead. Although this is usually said somewhat jokingly, children certainly enjoy playing with boxes, using their imagination to portray the box as an infinite variety of objects. One example of this in popular culture is from the comic strip Calvin and Hobbes, whose protagonist, Calvin, often imagined a cardboard box as a 'transmogrifier', a 'duplicator', or a time machine.
So prevalent is the cardboard box's reputation as a plaything that in 2005 a cardboard box was added to the National Toy Hall of Fame in the US,[20] one of very few non-brand-specific toys to be honoured with inclusion. As a result, a toy 'house' (actually a log cabin) made from a large cardboard box was added to the Hall, housed at the Strong National Museum of Play in Rochester, New York.
The Metal Gear series of stealthvideo games has a running gag involving a cardboard box as an in-game item, which can be used by the player to try to sneak through places without getting caught by enemy sentries.
Housing and furniture[edit]
Living in a cardboard box is stereotypically associated with homelessness.[21] However, in 2005, Melbourne architect Peter Ryan designed a house composed largely of cardboard.[22]More common are small seatings or little tables made from corrugated cardboard. Merchandise displays made of cardboard are often found in self-service shops.
Cushioning by crushing[edit]
Mass and viscosity of the enclosed air help together with the limited stiffness of boxes to absorb the energy of oncoming objects. In 2012, British stuntmanGary Connery safely landed via wingsuit without deploying his parachute, landing on a 3.6-metre (12 ft) high crushable 'runway' (landing zone) built with thousands of cardboard boxes.[23]
See also[edit]
| Wikimedia Commons has media related to Cardboard boxes. |
- The Adventure of the Cardboard Box (a Sherlock Holmes story)
References[edit]
- ^Soroka, W (2008). Illustrated Glossary of Packaging Terms. Institute of Packaging Professionals. p. 33. ISBN978-1-930268-27-2.
- ^Koning, J (1995). Corrugated Crossroads. TAPPI Press. p. 35. ISBN0-89852-299-4.
- ^'Glossary'. School District Diversion Report 2000: Appendices. California Integrated Waste Management Board. Archived from the original on 2009-12-13. Retrieved 2009-08-22.
- ^Frederick Le Gros Clark (1980). Growing old in a mechanized world: the human problem of a technical revolution. Ayer Publishing. p. 36. ISBN978-0-405-12780-9.
- ^What is Corrugated?. Fibre Box Association. Archived from the original on 2012-03-04. Retrieved 2009-08-22.
- ^Soroka, W. Illustrated Glossary of Packaging Terminology (Second ed.). Institute of Packaging Professionals.
- ^D996 Standard Terminology of Packaging, and Distribution Environments. ASTM International. 2004.
- ^Alec Davis (1967). Package and Print: The Development of Container and Label Design. Clarkson N. Potter Inc. p. 62. OCLC437888.
- ^Marketing Communications, Volume 6, Issues 7-12, United Business Publications (1981). 'Reportedly, the oldest known box-making business was formed in Great Britain about 1817.'
- ^Stanley Sacharow and Roger C. Griffin (1970),Food packaging: a guide for the supplier, processor, and distributor, AVI Pub. Co.'Commercial box making is supposed to have begun in England in 1817.'
- ^Paula Hook and Joe E. Heimlich. 'Paper and paper products'. A History of Packaging. Archived from the original on 2002-09-17. Retrieved 2005-10-26.
The first commercial cardboard box was produced in England in 1817, more than two hundred years after the Chinese invented cardboard.
- ^Chuck Groth (),Exploring Package Design, Cengage Learning. p. 7.'The oldest existing cardboard box package design was produced in Germany for a board game called 'The Game of Besieging,' in 1817. Still, paper and cardboard were relative luxuries.'
- ^Diana Twede and Susan E. M. Selke (2005). Cartons, crates and corrugated board: handbook of paper and wood packaging technology. DEStech Publications. pp. 41–42, 55–56. ISBN978-1-932078-42-8.
- ^'Valréas : ça cartonne !'. lachezleswatts.com. Retrieved 4 April 2019.
- ^'Le musée du Cartonnage et de l'Imprimerie à Valréas'. Vaucluse le Départment. Retrieved 4 April 2019.
- ^US patent 122,023, Albert L. Jones, 'Improvement In Paper For Packing', issued 1871-12-19
- ^US patent 150,588, Oliver Long, 'Packings For Bottles, Jars, & C.', issued 1874-05-05
- ^'Corrugated cardboard – packaging that has been used for almost 150 years'. Farusa Packaging. Archived from the original on 2005-10-15.CS1 maint: discouraged parameter (link)
- ^'Hazeltine, Lake, and Co. ad'. The World's Paper Trade Review. London. L (9): 19. August 28, 1908.
- ^'Cardboard Box | National Toy Hall of Fame'. Toyhalloffame.org. The Strong, The National Museum of Play. Retrieved 2014-03-07.
- ^Stratton-Coulter, Danielle (2005-04-20). 'When a cardboard box is 'home''. The Daily Iowan. Archived from the original on 2005-05-30.CS1 maint: discouraged parameter (link)
- ^O'Brien, Kerrie (2005-06-08). 'Out of the box'. Melbourne: The Age.
- ^'Gary Connery: stuntman completes 2400ft skydive without a parachute'. Telegraph.co.uk. Retrieved 2017-06-12.
Further reading[edit]
- Amanda Formaro. 'Cardboard Box Costumes'. Thrifty Fun. Retrieved 2005-10-26. – several Halloween costumes that can be made with cardboard boxes and paint
- Lauren Guerriero. 'What Can You Do With a Plain Old Cardboard Box?'. Parents.com. Archived from the original on January 7, 2008. Retrieved 2005-10-26. – six projects using cardboard boxes as children's playthings